基于.NET Framework和Direct3D技术实现危险性液体储罐泄漏过程的三维仿真

由于windows操作系统的大面积使用,使得基于windows操作系统的Direct3D技术在游戏开发和三维仿真方面日益重要,已经成为事实上的3D标准,基于.NET Framework的3D技术的开发也是未来一个趋势,本文研究建立了描述危险性液体储罐泄漏过程的数值模型,基于.NETFramework,运用Direct3D技术开发了动态模拟软件,不仅实现了泄漏过程的三维动态效果,提高仿真的逼真程度,而且可以获取泄漏速率、泄漏量、液面高度和时间的关系。实例分析结果表明,本文所建立的数值模型和仿真方法是可行的,模拟仿真结果为危险性液体储罐泄漏事故后果定量风险评价和事故应急救援提供理论依据和基础数据,也可以应用于科研方面,进一步研究液体储罐泄漏机理,节省研究时人力物力和时间的消耗。     

二维与三维电解法处理含铜废水的试验研究

以含铜废水为处理对象,考察了二维电解法的电解电压、电解时间、pH值、极间距对铜去除率的影响。在此基础上为提高处理效率,两极间填充活性炭和玻璃珠形成三维电解,确定了三维电解的最佳运行条件是极间距4cm,pH值3～4,电解电压22 V,电解135min,铜离子的去除率为80.6%。     

可见光助三维电极/电Fenton处理罗丹明B废水的研究

提出了以多孔TiO2薄膜(Porous-TiO2)板为阳极,活性炭负载Fe-Ni共掺P25颗粒(Fe-Ni-P25/AC)为粒子电极的可见光助三维电极/电Fenton(Vis-3D/EF)降解有机废水的新方法.同时,考察了该体系对罗丹明B溶液的去除效果和影响因素,探讨了降解过程的反应动力学,并与常规阳极和粒子电极组成的体系处理能耗进行了对比,探讨了Vis-3D/EF体系各个作用对去除率的贡献及对罗丹明B的降解机理.实验结果表明,在电源电压20 V、溶液pH=3、Fe2+离子投加量0.5 mmol·L-1、曝气量1.5 L·min-1、反应时间60 min时,20 mg·L-1罗丹明B的降解率为96.84%,处理过程更符合二级反应动力学.在此条件下,Porous-TiO2阳极板和Fe-Ni-P25/AC粒子电极组成的体系,降解过程具有明显的协同催化特点,协同因子达1.22,且处理能耗仅为常规石墨(Gr)阳极、活性炭(AC)粒子电极组成体系的1/85.5.Vis-3D/EF降解过程中电催化氧化作用、Fenton氧化作用、可见光催化作用及可见光下的协同作用对去除率的贡献分别为43.88%、20.21%、15.26%和17.49%.同时,通过叔丁醇捕获实验发现,·OH对去除率的贡献为75.58%,表明·OH是该体系中产生的主要活性物质.     

城市污水处理过程中溶解性有机物及荧光物质的变化规律

以锦州市W污水处理厂为研究对象,利用三维荧光光谱分析技术和荧光区域积分(FRI)方法考察了城市污水处理过程中溶解性有机物及荧光物质的去除状况.利用XAD树脂将DOM分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A)、疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N)、过渡亲水性有机酸(TPIA)、过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).结果表明,HPO-A和HPI是该污水处理厂进水中的主要DOM组分,并且DOM中的荧光物质主要为类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质和类富里酸荧光物质.在该污水处理厂内,生物降解作用是TPI-A和HPI的主要去除机制,HPO-N和TPI-N主要是由深度处理工艺(絮凝-沉淀-过滤)去除的,生物处理工艺和深度处理工艺对HPO-A的去除能力接近,而生物处理工艺和深度处理工艺对TPI-N的去除效果均较差.生物处理工艺对HPO-A、TPI-A和HPI中的荧光物质有较强的去除能力,而对HPO-N和TPI-N中荧光物质的去除效果较差.深度处理工艺能够有效去除HPO-A和HPO-N中的荧光物质,而对TPI-A、TPI-N和HPI中的荧光物质无明显去除作用.     

坡面尺度上地貌对α生物多样性的影响

为了解地貌在坡面尺度上对α生物多样性的影响,采用主观采样法在陕北吴起县合家沟流域不同地貌部位进行了样地调查.利用SPSS16.0统计软件先后对各地貌部位物种组成及各物种的重要值、地形因子要素间、地形因子和群落α多样性之间分别做了聚类分析、相关分析和多元回归分析.结果表明:(1)地貌部位相似的群落聚类在一起,说明地形因子是影响物种组成、群落结构、生态系统等的重要因素.(2)海拔和坡位,坡向和坡度,地形指数和海拔、坡位、坡形之间的Pearson 相关系数均大于0.8,双尾显著性检验概率小于0.05.(3)影响α生物多样性指标香农-维纳指数的地形因子按重要性从大到小依次是:坡位、坡向、海拔、坡形、坡度、地形指数,进一步分析得出在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,沟沿线、光照、土壤水分和养分在影响α生物多样性指标上依次递减.(4)通过多元线形回归检验,得出坡位、坡向、坡形、海拔这四个地形因子与群落α生物多样性关系密切,建立的回归模型显著性检验可信度大,与样本数据的拟合度高.各地形因子数据归一处理后的回归方程为:香农-维纳指数=2.417-0.581×坡形-1.333×坡位+1.449×海拔+0.631×坡向.地形地貌特征在黄土丘陵区表现明显,研究它对生物多样性的影响可为该区植被恢复提供参考,但由于调查样地尺度较小,在应用推广上尚待进一步研究.     

大同盆地复杂地形下近场大气污染物扩散模型选取研究

基于大同盆地地形和气象站数据对山区复杂地形下的近地面风场特征进行分析,发现大同盆地内特殊的地形构造所形成的气流通道对其主导风向存在明显影响.在不开展实地气象观测、仅引用周边气象站数据的条件下,CALPUFF模拟的电厂处西南、东北风向风频分别为40.5％、14.9％,AERMOD模拟的电厂处西南、东北风向风频分别为19....     

近浅埋煤层覆岩关键层对综采工作面压力的影响分析

为了研究采场在覆岩运动过程中关键层的缺失与否对综采工作面采场矿压的影响效果，采用相似模拟试验和数值模拟，对大柳塔煤矿活鸡兔井1-2煤21304综采工作面在回采期间出现的2次压架事故进行分析。研究结果表明:上覆岩层的关键层缺失与否对下部煤层的开采影响至关重要，尤其是对上部已采单一关键层的煤层回采影响较大，当上煤层的关键层未缺失时回采后形成稳定的砌体梁结构，其下煤层回采也易形成稳定的砌体梁结构，反之亦然；在冲沟发育较深的地形，关键层的形成也会受到冲沟影响，造成部分关键层缺失，当关键层缺失时工作面向坡开采，随着工作面所承受的荷载逐渐增大，出现动载矿压的几率也随之增加，背坡开采则与之相反。     

A spatially explicit empirical model of structural development processes in natural forests based on climate and topography

Stand structure develops with stand age. Old-growth forests with well-developed stand structure support many species. However, development rates of stand structure likely vary with climate and topography. We modeled structural development of 4 key stand variables and a composite old-growth index as functions of climatic and topographic covariates. We used a hierarchical Bayesian method for analysis of extensive snap-shot National Forest Inventory (NFI) data in Japan (n = 9244) to account for differences in stand age. Development rates of structural variables and the old-growth index exhibited curvilinear responses to environmental covariates. Flat sites were characterized by high rates of structural development. Approximately 150 years were generally required to attain high values (approximately 0.8) of the old-growth index. However, the predicted age to achieve specific values varied depending on environmental conditions. Spatial predictions highlighted regional variation in potential structural development rates. For example, sometimes there were differences of >100 years among sites, even in the same catchment, in attainment of a medium index value (0.5) after timber harvesting. The NFI data suggested that natural forests, especially old natural forests (>150 years), remain generally on unproductive ridges, steep slopes, or areas with low temperature and deep snow, where many structural variables show slow development rates. We suggest that maintenance and restoration of old natural forests on flat sites should be prioritized for conservation due to the likely rapid development of stand structure, although remaining natural forests on low-productivity sites are still important and should be protected.     

Turbulence Perturbations in the Neutrally Stratified Surface Layer due to the Interaction of a Katabatic Flow with a Steep Ridge

Turbulence measurements were performed in Antarctica, on the Nansen Ice Sheet, dominated by westerly katabatic winds. The measurements were taken at two sites aligned with the katabatic wind fall-line. The measuring stations were located in the middle of a wide, flat iced area at a distance of 14 km from the base of a sloping surface and at the top of a steep ridge (Inexpressible Island). The aim was to investigate the perturbation of turbulence close to the ground generated by the interaction of the flow with the ridge. We present an analysis comparing the data measured at the upstream unperturbed station with those at the top of the obstacle. Moments and spectra of velocity components have been calculated for almost steady periods. The topography and roughness change produce a combined effect on the flow acceleration (of the opposite sign) and on the turbulent stresses (of the same sign). Spectra of velocity components measured at the top of the ridge and scaled by unperturbed quantities evidence an increment of energy in the high frequency subrange with respect to the up-stream flow. Moreover, the horizontal velocity components display a shift in turbulence maximum towards higher frequencies. The vertical velocity spectrum exhibits an energy increment at low frequencies with respect to the upstream spectrum.     

Application of Holdridge life-zone model based on the terrain factor in Xinjiang Automous Region

This study improved the application of the Holdridge life-zone model to simulate the distribution of desert vegetation in China which gives statistics to support eco-recovery and ecosystem reconstruction in desert area. This study classified the desert vegetation into four types： （1） LAD： little arbor desert; （2） SD： shrub desert： （3） HLHSD： half-shrub, little half-shrub desert; （4） LHSCD： little halfshrub cushion desert. Based on the classification of Xinjiang desert vegetation, the classical Holdridge life-zone model was used to simulate Xinjiang desert vegetation＇s distribution and compare the Kappa coefficient result of the model with table of accuracy represented by Kappa values. The Kappa value of the model was only 0.19, it means the simulation result was poor. To improve the life-zone model application to Xinjiang desert vegetation type, a set of plot standards for terrain factors was developed by using the plot standard as the reclassification criterion to climate sub-regime. Then the desert vegetation in Xinjiang was simulated. The average Kappa value of the second simulation to the respective climate regime was 0.45. The Kappa value of final modeling result was 0.64, which is the better value. The modification of the model made it in more application region. In the end, the model＇ s ecological relevance to the Xinjiang desert vegetation types was studied.